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Biomolecules Feb 2020Galectins are a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins that contribute to multiple cellular functions, including immune surveillance and apoptosis. Human galectins... (Review)
Review
Galectins are a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins that contribute to multiple cellular functions, including immune surveillance and apoptosis. Human galectins are also important regulators of inflammation, making them a research target for various inflammatory diseases and tumorigenesis associated with pro-inflammatory conditions. This review focuses on the involvement of human galectins in modulation of inflammation and in the pathophysiology of endometriosis and endometriosis-associated neoplasms. Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. Galectins -1, -3 and -9 were found to be overexpressed in ectopic and eutopic endometrium of females with endometriosis compared to those without endometriosis. These findings suggest galectins' role in the progression on endometriotic lesions and their potential use as diagnostic biomarkers and/or targets for therapeutic approaches. Galectins -1, -3, and -9 have also been implicated in the development of endometriosis-associated neoplasms. Furthermore, galectin-3 has been shown to interact with KRAS protein and contribute to cellular growth, proliferation, inflammation, and the uptake of nutrients in endometriotic lesions and may be involved in the maintenance and propagation of endometriosis. These galectins have been shown to be upregulated in certain forms of cervical, ovarian, endometrial, and colon cancer associated with endometriosis and have become a potential target for anti-cancer therapies.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogenesis; Colonic Neoplasms; Endometriosis; Endometrium; Female; Galectins; Gene Expression Regulation; Genital Neoplasms, Female; Humans; Inflammation
PubMed: 32033052
DOI: 10.3390/biom10020230 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Scholar... Jun 2016The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) declared arsenic a class I carcinogen. Arsenic exposure induces several forms of human cancers, including cancers... (Review)
Review
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) declared arsenic a class I carcinogen. Arsenic exposure induces several forms of human cancers, including cancers of skin, lung, liver, and urinary bladder. The majority of the arsenic-induced cancers occur in skin. Among these, the most common is Bowen's disease, characterized by epidermal hyperplasia, full layer epidermal dysplasia, leading to intraepidermal carcinoma as well as apoptosis, and moderate dermal infiltrates, which require the participation of mitochondria. The exact mechanism underlying arsenic induced carcinogenesis remains unclear, although increased reactive oxidative stresses, leading to chromosome abnormalities and uncontrolled growth, and aberrant immune regulations might be involved. Here, we highlight how increased mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative stress lead to mitochondrial DNA damage and mutation in arsenic induced cancers. We also provide therapeutic rationale for targeting mitochondria in the treatment of arsenic induced cancers.
Topics: Animals; Arsenic; Arsenic Poisoning; Bowen's Disease; Carcinogenesis; DNA Damage; Humans; Mitochondria; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 27100709
DOI: 10.2741/s465 -
Pathobiology : Journal of... 2013Organ transplant recipients (OTR) are at a significantly increased risk for developing a wide variety of skin cancers, particularly epithelial skin cancer, Merkel cell... (Review)
Review
Organ transplant recipients (OTR) are at a significantly increased risk for developing a wide variety of skin cancers, particularly epithelial skin cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma and Kaposi's sarcoma. Melanoma, skin adnexal neoplasm and cutaneous lymphomas are also more common in OTR and may differ in their clinicopathologic presentation from tumors in immunocompetent patients. The accuracy of clinical diagnosis of suspected premalignant and malignant skin lesions in OTR is modest. Therefore, histopathological diagnosis is an essential element for the diagnostic workup of skin cancers and, in addition, provides important information on prognosis. Squamous cell carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasias (actinic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma in situ or Bowen's disease) are the most common forms of skin cancer in OTR. The risk of Merkel cell carcinoma and Kaposi's sarcoma is dramatically increased in OTR. Merkel cell carcinoma shows a highly aggressive course. Kaposi's sarcoma tends to spread to extracutaneous sites. Primary cutaneous lymphomas developing after organ transplantation are rare. The spectrum of cutaneous B cell lymphomas in OTR, in particular, differs significantly from that of the general population, with a predominance of Epstein-Barr virus-driven posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. This review discusses the clinical and histopathological aspects of skin cancers in OTR, the impact of dermatopathological analysis on prognosis and the understanding of the pathogenesis of these neoplasms.
Topics: Carcinoma, Basal Cell; Carcinoma, Merkel Cell; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Lymphoma, B-Cell; Male; Melanoma; Organ Transplantation; Prognosis; Risk; Sarcoma, Kaposi; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 24013135
DOI: 10.1159/000350757 -
Translational Andrology and Urology Oct 2017Penile cancer is a rare malignancy estimated to affect 26,000 men globally each year. The association with penile cancer, in particular non-invasive disease, and human... (Review)
Review
Penile cancer is a rare malignancy estimated to affect 26,000 men globally each year. The association with penile cancer, in particular non-invasive disease, and human papilloma virus (HPV) is well known. Ninety-five percent of cases of penile cancer are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which are staged using the TNM staging system. Terminology describing the histological appearance of non-invasive penile cancer has changed with all cases grouped under the umbrella term of penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN); either undifferentiated or differentiated. This replaces previous terms such as carcinoma in situ (CIS) and eponymous names such as Bowen's disease. This change is recognised by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The topical treatments most commonly used for PeIN are 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and imiquimod (IQ). Other treatments such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) are used but to a lesser degree. The evidence for all of these treatments is heterogenous with no randomised data available. Overall up to 57% complete response has been reported with a low number of serious adverse events. In this article, we aim to review the available evidence for the topical treatment of non-invasive penile cancer specifically regarding its efficacy and toxicity.
PubMed: 29184776
DOI: 10.21037/tau.2017.06.24 -
Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina,... Sep 2017Epidermodyplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare heritable disease that is characterized by an increased susceptibility to infection with specific human papillomavirus... (Review)
Review
Epidermodyplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare heritable disease that is characterized by an increased susceptibility to infection with specific human papillomavirus (HPV) types due to a defect in cell-mediated immune response to HPV infection. Widespread infection with HPV is responsible for the development of wart-like lesions and pityriasis versicolor-like spots. These individuals have a lifelong risk of developing cutaneous malignancies, especially Bowen's disease and squamous cell carcinoma, mainly in sun-exposed parts. Being the first disease to correlate cancer and viral infection, EV serves as the cornerstone of the understanding of viral oncogenesis. We report three cases of EV, of which one patient subsequently developed Bowen's disease. The patients had multiple hypopigmented papules and plaques of varying sizes that started erupting in childhood and were mainly distributed over sun-exposed parts of the body. Histopathology of the skin biopsies was consistent with EV. One of these patients had started developing an ulcerated plaque over the left clavicle 2 years earlier. A biopsy from the clavicular region also showed histopathological features of Bowen's disease arising in EV. Hence, this clinical review discusses three cases of EV presenting in different age groups with detailed histopathological findings typical for EV.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bowen's Disease; Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis; Female; Humans; Male; Precancerous Conditions; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 28941263
DOI: 10.15570/actaapa.2017.19 -
Turk Patoloji Dergisi 2022Secondary localized cutaneous amyloidosis is a histopathological finding seen in the dermis, in various benign, premalignant, and malignant skin conditions, without...
Secondary localized cutaneous amyloidosis is a histopathological finding seen in the dermis, in various benign, premalignant, and malignant skin conditions, without clinical significance. The real incidence is not known. We aimed to investigate the phenomenon of secondary localized cutaneous amyloidosis in Bowen's disease and Bowenoid papulosis. We retrospectively evaluated the data of all cases with histopathological confirmation of Bowen's disease and Bowenoid papulosis between 2006 and 2017 in our Dermatovenereology and/or Pathology departments. Secondary localized cutaneous amyloidosis was observed in three patients with Bowen's disease (3/52; 5.8%) and in three patients with Bowenoid papulosis (3/18; 16.7%). Herein, we present the demographic, clinical and histopathological features of these six cases of secondary localized cutaneous amyloidosis in detail. Although the occurrence of secondary localized cutaneous amyloidosis in epithelial tumors is a well-known phenomenon, its incidence has not been previously reported in Bowen's disease and Bowenoid papulosis. Therefore, our results indicating a high incidence may be particularly important for Bowenoid papulosis, as its association with secondary localized cutaneous amyloidosis has only been shown in one case before. Moreover, in three of six cases, we histologically observed areas of regression with a marked prominence of amyloid deposition. Remarkably, two of these patients had a history of topical application of destructive agents which reveals a possible etiologic relationship between secondary localized cutaneous amyloidosis and cellular apoptosis/necrosis induced by these external agents.
Topics: Amyloidosis; Bowen's Disease; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 34514563
DOI: 10.5146/tjpath.2021.01530 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Sep 2006
Topics: Aged; Bowen's Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 17001052
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.060223 -
Analytical Cellular Pathology... 2021Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) is the membrane channel of water and involved in fluid homeostasis. The aim of this study was to reveal the expression and significance of AQP3 in...
Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) is the membrane channel of water and involved in fluid homeostasis. The aim of this study was to reveal the expression and significance of AQP3 in cutaneous lesions. We analyzed AQP3 mRNA levels using RT-PCR in 311 cutaneous lesions and confirmed AQP3 expression in these lesions by immunohistochemistry. AQP3 mRNA was detected in normal epidermis, seborrheic keratosis, solar keratosis, Bowen's disease, squamous cell carcinoma, eccrine poroma, apocrine carcinoma, and sebaceoma; however, AQP3 mRNA was absent in basal cell carcinoma, nevocellular nevus, or malignant melanoma. By immunohistochemistry, diffuse AQP3 expression was seen in all keratotic lesions including seborrheic keratosis, verruca vulgaris, molluscum contagiosum, solar keratosis, Bowen's disease, and squamous cell carcinoma. Diffuse AQP3 expression was also present in all extramammary Paget's disease. No AQP3 staining was obtained in basal cell carcinoma. Positive AQP3 staining was seen in sweat gland tumors including hidradenoma, eccrine poroma, and apocrine carcinoma. Among sebaceous tumors, AQP3 expressed diffusely in all sebaceous hyperplasia and sebaceous adenoma, but not in sebaceous carcinomas. Only focal AQP3 staining was seen in nevocellular nevus and no AQP3 staining in melanoma. Our findings indicate the function of AQP3 maintained in most skin tumors. AQP3 may be used for differential diagnosis in skin tumors.
Topics: Aquaporin 3; Biomarkers, Tumor; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Skin Diseases; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 34745849
DOI: 10.1155/2021/7866471 -
Italian Journal of Dermatology and... Apr 2024Over the few last decades, dermoscopy has become an invaluable and popular imaging technique that complements the diagnostic armamentarium of dermatologists, being... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Over the few last decades, dermoscopy has become an invaluable and popular imaging technique that complements the diagnostic armamentarium of dermatologists, being employed for both tumors and inflammatory diseases. Whereas distinction between neoplastic and inflammatory lesions is often straightforward based on clinical data, there are some scenarios that may be troublesome, e.g., solitary inflammatory lesions or tumors superimposed to a widespread inflammatory condition that may share macroscopic morphological findings.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
We reviewed the literature to identify dermoscopic clues to support the differential diagnosis of clinically similar inflammatory and neoplastic skin lesions, also providing the histological background of such dermoscopic points of differentiation.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Dermoscopic differentiating features were identified for 12 relatively common challenging scenarios, including Bowen's disease and basal cell carcinoma vs. psoriasis and dermatitis, erythroplasia of Queyrat vs. inflammatory balanitis, mammary and extramammary Paget's disease vs. inflammatory mimickers, actinic keratoses vs. discoid lupus erythematosus, squamous cell carcinoma vs. hypertrophic lichen planus and lichen simplex chronicus, actinic cheilitis vs. inflammatory cheilitis, keratoacanthomas vs. prurigo nodularis, nodular lymphomas vs. pseudolymphomas and inflammatory mimickers, mycosis fungoides vs. parapsoriasis and inflammatory mimickers, angiosarcoma vs granuloma faciale, and Kaposi sarcoma vs pseudo-Kaposi.
CONCLUSIONS
Dermoscopy may be of aid in differentiating clinically similar inflammatory and neoplastic skin lesions.
Topics: Dermoscopy; Humans; Diagnosis, Differential; Skin Neoplasms; Dermatitis; Skin Diseases; Psoriasis
PubMed: 38650495
DOI: 10.23736/S2784-8671.24.07825-3 -
Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery Sep 2019This article addresses the natural history of the human papilloma virus (HPV) infection to anal squamous intraepithelial lesions, and onto squamous cell carcinoma of the... (Review)
Review
This article addresses the natural history of the human papilloma virus (HPV) infection to anal squamous intraepithelial lesions, and onto squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. This article provides overviews of the virology, pathophysiology, nomenclature, classification, historical terms, risk factors, clinical evaluation, differential diagnosis, and treatment of HPV infection and its sequelae.
PubMed: 31507344
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1687830